It’s no secret that the Germans have done a lot right when it comes to renewable power. They have some of the highest renewable capacity in the world! So, for a fledgling renewable market like Alberta, the 12th Annual Canadian-German Wind and Solar Energy Conference, held March 23 in Calgary, was a great opportunity to learn from the best.
The theme of this year’s conference was the coming renewable energy boom in Alberta. The challenge for renewable energy projects is not securing the fuel: the sun and wind are free. Rather the challenge is securing financing for projects that have high upfront capital costs. Installing a solar system on a home takes $20,000 to $30,000. Building a single giant wind turbine costs $2 to $4 million. Building a 300 megawatt wind farm costs $600 million.
Alberta has pledged to replace its dirty, coal-fired energy fleet with renewable energy. "By 2030, renewable sources like wind and solar will account for up to 30 per cent of electricity generation," says Alberta’s Climate Leadership plan. It also says two-thirds of Alberta’s generating capacity will be replaced by renewable energy, one-third will be replaced by natural gas.
You can interpret this a number of different ways, but suffice to say Alberta is calling for the building of somewhere between four and seven gigawatts of renewable energy in the next fifteen years. If we use a big wind project as a proxy, this means Alberta will need between $8 and $14 billion in investment.
So where does the financing come from?
A proven technology
We caught up with Tim Poole, managing director at ATB Financial, at the German wind and solar conference. He explains that uncertainty, as always, is anathema to investors.
"The main thing we look to is a cash flow stream in the future that you can depend on that will pay back the loan," says Poole. "A lot of that really comes down to the developer finding the right location and then they get a wind assessment that says, 'At a given location this per cent of the time we should expect this kind of wind.' Then we can figure out how much debt it can support."
From a banker’s perspective, wind is a proven technology and developers get two years of wind data before breaking ground, so they have a very good idea of what the resource is and how much electricity they can produce. However, just because the resource is there, doesn’t mean the money is as well.
"The Alberta market's very challenging for power," says Poole. "Essentially, it's called a merchant market. You take the price based on a supply and demand for a given hour."
"The number one challenge, which is the topic of discussion on everyone's plate these days, is price certainty," says Kipp Horton, president and CEO of Wind River Power. "In 2015, the price of electricity in Alberta averaged 3.3 cents a kilowatt-hour, and in fact the wind energy producers, because of the profile of the production, actually received less than that average, only 2.2 cents per kilowatt-hour."
"For these projects to get financing, you really require someone to be buying your power under a contract," says Poole.
This is why power purchase agreements are so ubiquitous in Ontario and Quebec. Contracts for wind are being signed in the 6 – 8 cents per kWh range today. The contracts provide a consistent return on investment to ease the fears of jittery bankers.
However, no source of electricity in Alberta is making money at 3.3 cents. Ironically, under Alberta’s current system, dirty, polluting sources of electricity are paid more and clean sources less. So how to get around these problems?
Wind done right
You could do what ATB and Wind River Power did at the Box Springs Wind Farm. It was built as an innovative public-private partnership between Wind River and the City of Medicine Hat (aka “The Gas City”).
The city wanted to diversify into clean energy, so they simply offered Wind River Power a long-term contract to buy wind power, which in turn allowed the company to borrow money to build a small $12-million, 6-megawatt wind farm right in the city limits of Medicine Hat.
"It actually makes it the largest wind farm in Canada located in a municipal boundary," says Horton. This deal gave two key ingredients to bankers: price certainty for the electricity produced and Medicine Hat’s AAA credit rating.
ATB was involved in that project and another similar project: "A second project we did is called Bull Creek. It was a consortium of school boards buying the power … it gave some certainty to the school boards and their budgets," says Poole.
Alberta-based BluEarth Renewables signed up the school boards and then built a 29.2-megawatt wind farm near Provost, Alberta.
Renewable Energy Credit
Alberta is launching a carbon tax and is hinting about using Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) to help level the playing field for clean energy in Alberta. The idea is to provide a credit of 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour for producers of clean energy.
However, Poole says this falls short of what’s needed.
"The challenge is, as a lender, that's not enough," says Poole. "We still look for certainty for the rest of it because it cost more than that for that power. So, the subsidy helps bring [returns] up, but it's still tough to finance it without certainty for what they'll get for the remainder of the power."
Dan Balaban is the president and CEO of Greengate Power. His company developed 450 MW of wind projects in Alberta by securing RECs from California. He says this approach will not attract the investment needed to build significant renewable energy in Alberta.
He is advocating for something called contracts for differences (CFD). Instead of paying 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour for RECS he says Alberta should offer CFDs that bundle the RECs with power at a price.
"The contract would have a price of, for example, 6.3 cent per kilowatt-hour," says Balaban. "A project would continue to sell into the Alberta pool. If the price the producer receives is lower it would be trued up to 6.3 cents and if it’s higher the producer would owe the government the difference."
"The government would get a good competitive prices for renewable energy, the banker would buy in and I think we would see the lowest prices ever paid for renewables."
We have the best wind resource in Canada and this could make Alberta the best place in the world to invest in renewable energy.
David was the host and producer of the Green Energy Futures multimedia series.
